Intégration des techniques de débroussaillement dans l'aménagement de défense de la forêt contre les incendies.

Les efficacités et les contraintes de mise en uvre du débroussaillement manuel, du débroussaillement mécanique, de l'emploi de phytocides, de la conduite du brûlage dirigé, du pâturage contrôlé et du dessouchage sont décrites, technique par technique dans une première partie, les avantages qui peuvent être tirés de la combinaison, d'au moins deux techniques sont illustrés à partir d'exemples d'ores et déjà testés. L'intérêt de telles combinaisons pour l'entretien à long terme des coupures de combustible est souligné

Social dimensions in cps & iot based automated production systems

Since the 1970s, the application of microprocessor in industrial machinery and the development of computer systems have transformed the manufacturing landscape. The rapid integration and automation of production systems have outpaced the development of suitable human design criteria, creating a deepening gap between humans and systems in which human was seen as an important source of errors and disruptions. Today, the situation seems different: the scientific and public debate about the concept of Industry 4.0 has raised awareness about the central role humans have to play in manufacturing systems, the design of which must be considered from the very beginning. The future of industrial systems, as represented by Industry 4.0, will rely on the convergence of several research fields such as Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), but also socio-technical fields such as social approaches within technical systems. This article deals with different human social dimensions associated with CPS and IoT and focuses on their conceptual evolution regarding automated production systems’ sociability, notably by bringing humans back in the loop. Hereby, this paper aims to take stock of current research trends to show the importance of integrating human operators as a part of a socio-technical system based autonomous and intelligent products or resources. Consequently, different models of sociability as a way to integrate humans in the broad sense and/or the develop future automated production systems have been identified from the literature and analysed

Social dimensions in cps & iot based automated production systems

UIDB/04647/2020 UIDP/04647/2020Since the 1970s, the application of microprocessor in industrial machinery and the development of computer systems have transformed the manufacturing landscape. The rapid integration and automation of production systems have outpaced the development of suitable human design criteria, creating a deepening gap between humans and systems in which human was seen as an important source of errors and disruptions. Today, the situation seems different: the scientific and public debate about the concept of Industry 4.0 has raised awareness about the central role humans have to play in manufacturing systems, the design of which must be considered from the very beginning. The future of industrial systems, as represented by Industry 4.0, will rely on the convergence of several research fields such as Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), but also socio-technical fields such as social approaches within technical systems. This article deals with different human social dimensions associated with CPS and IoT and focuses on their conceptual evolution regarding automated production systems’ sociability, notably by bringing humans back in the loop. Hereby, this paper aims to take stock of current research trends to show the importance of integrating human operators as a part of a socio-technical system based autonomous and intelligent products or resources. Consequently, different models of sociability as a way to integrate humans in the broad sense and/or the develop future automated production systems have been identified from the literature and analysed.publishersversionpublishe

Evolution of coastal zone vulnerability to marine inundation in a global change context. Application to Languedoc Roussillon (France)

The coastal system is likely to suffer increasing costal risk in a global change context. Its management implies to consider those risks in a holistic approach of the different vulnerability components of the coastal zone, by improving knowledge of hazard and exposure as well as analyzing and quantifying present day and future territory vulnerability. The ANR/VMC2007/MISEEVA project (2008-2011) has applied this approach on Languedoc Roussillon region in France. MISEEVA approach relies on several scenarios for 2030 and 2100, in terms of meteorology (driver of coastal hazard), sea level rise, and also considering further trends in demography and economy, and possible adaption strategies Hazard has been modeled (SWAN, MARS and SURFWB), on the base of the presentday situation, sea level rise hypotheses, and existing or modeled data, of extreme meteorological driving f. It allowed to assess the possible surges ranges and map coastal zone exposure to: - a permanent inundation (considering sea level rise in 2030 and 2100, - a recurrent inundation (considering sea level rise and extreme tidal range) - an exceptional inundation (adding extreme storm surge to sea level rise and tidal range). In 2030, exposure will be comparable to present day exposure. In 2100, extreme condition will affect a larger zone. Present days social and economic components of the coastal zone have been analyzed in terms of vulnerability and potential damaging. Adaptation capacity was approached by public inquiries and interviews of stakeholders and policy makers, based on existing planning documents The knowledge of the present day system is then compared to the possible management strategies that could be chosen in the future, so to imagine what would be the evolution of vulnerability to marine inundation, in regards to these possible strategies

Landscape - wildfire interactions in southern Europe: implications for landscape management

ReviewEvery year approximately half a million hectares of land are burned by wildfires in southern Europe, causing large ecological and socio-economic impacts. Climate and land use changes in the last decades have increased fire risk and danger. In this paper we review the available scientific knowledge on the relationships between landscape and wildfires in the Mediterranean region, with a focus on its application for defining landscape management guidelines and policies that could be adopted in order to promote landscapes with lower fire hazard. The main findings are that (1) socio-economic drivers have favoured land cover changes contributing to increasing fire hazard in the last decades, (2) large wildfires are becoming more frequent, (3) increased fire frequency is promoting homogeneous landscapes covered by fire-prone shrublands; (4) landscape planning to reduce fuel loads may be successful only if fire weather conditions are not extreme. The challenges to address these problems and the policy and landscape management responses that should be adopted are discussed, along with major knowledge gapsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU)

The X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer of the ESA Athena X-ray observatory. Over a field of view of 5' equivalent diameter, it will deliver X-ray spectra from 0.2 to 12 keV with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV up to 7 keV on similar to 5 '' pixels. The X-IFU is based on a large format array of super-conducting molybdenum-gold Transition Edge Sensors cooled at similar to 90 mK, each coupled with an absorber made of gold and bismuth with a pitch of 249 mu m. A cryogenic anti-coincidence detector located underneath the prime TES array enables the non X-ray background to be reduced. A bath temperature of similar to 50 mK is obtained by a series of mechanical coolers combining 15K Pulse Tubes, 4K and 2K Joule-Thomson coolers which pre-cool a sub Kelvin cooler made of a He-3 sorption cooler coupled with an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator. Frequency domain multiplexing enables to read out 40 pixels in one single channel. A photon interacting with an absorber leads to a current pulse, amplified by the readout electronics and whose shape is reconstructed on board to recover its energy with high accuracy. The defocusing capability offered by the Athena movable mirror assembly enables the X-IFU to observe the brightest X-ray sources of the sky (up to Crab-like intensities) by spreading the telescope point spread function over hundreds of pixels. Thus the X-IFU delivers low pile-up, high throughput (> 50%), and typically 10 eV spectral resolution at 1 Crab intensities, i.e. a factor of 10 or more better than Silicon based X-ray detectors. In this paper, the current X-IFU baseline is presented, together with an assessment of its anticipated performance in terms of spectral resolution, background, and count rate capability. The X-IFU baseline configuration will be subject to a preliminary requirement review that is scheduled at the end of 2018. The X-IFU will be provided by an international consortium led by France, the Netherlands and Italy, with further ESA member state contributions from Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Spain, Switzerland and contributions from Japan and the United States.Peer reviewe

Gender differences in the use of cardiovascular interventions in HIV-positive persons; the D:A:D Study

Peer reviewe

Toward an anthropocentric approach for intelligent manufacturing systems' control architectures

Les dernières décennies ont vu croître en taille et en complexité les systèmes industriels ainsi que leurs flux (matériels et informationnels). L’hyper compétitivité des marchés, l’atomisation de la demande et l’augmentation des niveaux d’exigences clients ont fait émerger le besoin de coupler la robustesse et la performances des systèmes centralisés à la réactivité des systèmes décentralisés. Au cours des 20 dernières années, la pertinence de ces Architectures de Contrôle Hybrides (HCA) a pu être démontrée à travers de nombreux travaux. Toutefois, leurs déploiement reste aujourd’hui limité. Cette situation semble pouvoir être rapporté à un manque de généricité ou d’acceptabilité Humain/Système. La piste explorée dans ce travail de recherche consiste à proposer un cadre formel de référence pour la conception, modélisation, simulation, visualisation et évaluation des composants et des interactions/relations constitutifs des systèmes complexes. L’objectif de ce cadre est d’apporter la généricité manquant aujourd’hui pour le design des architectures de contrôle holoniques et hybrides pour les systèmes multi-agents complexes, mais également de favoriser l’inclusion de l’humain dans ces derniers. Pour ce faire, la nature des relations proposées s’appuie sur celles observables au sein des sociétés humaines, afin de favoriser la représentation des systèmes comme socio-techniques.Last decades have seen the growth in size and complexity of industrial systems and flows (both physical and informational). Hyper competitive markets, demand atomization and customer requirements level increase have brought about the need to combine the robustness and performance of centralized systems with the responsiveness of decentralized systems. For the 20 last years, the relevance of these Hybrid Control Architectures (HCA) has been demonstrated through numerous works. However, they are today hardly present in the industrial landscape. This situation could find some of its roots in a certain lack of genericity and/or Human-System acceptability. In this research work, the explored path consists in proposing a reference formal framework for the design, modelling, simulation, visualization and evaluation of complex systems' constitutive components and interactions/relations. The purpose of this framework is to bridge the genericity gap identified for Holonic and Hybrid Control Architectures Design regarding complex Multi-Agent Systems (MAS), but also to promote human inclusion into these. To this end and to promote the socio-technical representation of systems, the proposed relationships model is grounded on the nature of human societies' ones